epitalon: findings from the full texts

All findings

144 results read out of 22 full texts in this archive. Each was extracted by a language model and kept only if its quote appears on the cited page. Not yet reviewed by a person: open the quote and the source before relying on one.

Randomised studies (2 from 1 source)

• 2021 Пути повышения резервных возможностей организма у лиц при воздействии неблагоприятных производственных и… · n = 560 · adults aged 35–68 with chronic occupational or psychoemotional stress CyberLeninka

  • A clinical study of Epimental® (epitalon) enrolled 560 examinees aged 35 to 68 years (260 men, 300 women) with conditions following prolonged professional or psychoemotional stress, including jet-lag syndrome.
    Quote, p. 2

    В исследовании приняли участие 560 лиц в возрасте от 35 до 68 лет (260 мужчин и 300 женщин) с состояниями после продолжительного воздействия профессионального или психоэмоционального стресса

  • Treatment with Epimental® (epitalon) stabilized hormonal status; plasma cortisol increased from 239.1±18.9 to 386.7±18.4 nmol/l (reference 250–750) and ACTH from 12.6±1.0 to 31.4±1.0 pg/ml (reference 10–80), indicating relief of maladaptive disorders and catabolic reactions.
    Quote, p. 3

    Кортизол, нмоль/л 250–750 232,7±20,1 236,4±19,6 239,1±18,9 386,7±18,4*, ** АКТГ, пг/мл 10–80 10,9±0,9 11,2±1,0 12,6±1,0 31,4±1,0*, **

Observational studies (1 from 1 source)

• 2025 Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties. PDF

  • In 2017, Epitalon's presence was reported for the first time directly in pineal gland polypeptide complex solution using LC-MS.
    Quote, p. 23

    Two years later, in 2017, Epitalon's presence was, for the first time, reported directly in pineal gland polypeptide complex solution. LC-MS was, again, crucial for obtaining these results

Animal experiments (41 from 10 sources)

• 2011 Антимутагенные эффекты синтетического пептида эпиталона у мышей, mus musculus, различающихся по окраске шерсти · Outbred male mice, both coat-color groups CyberLeninka

  • The paper's abstract states that a protective effect of Epitalon was found in albino mice and was not found in gray outbred mice.
    Quote, p. 1

    Протекторное действие обнаружено у мышей альбиносов и не обнаружено у серых беспородных мышей

  • The experiments used a total of 20 white and 36 gray outbred male mice from the Rappolovo RAMS nursery and the vivarium of the D. O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
    Quote, p. 2

    Всего было использовано 20 белых и 36 серых беспородных самцов

  • Epitalon given alone (without cyclophosphamide) did not significantly change the frequency of abnormal spermatozoa or micronucleated erythrocytes in either white or gray mice.
    Quote, p. 4

    эпиталон сам по себе не оказывает значимого влияния на частоты изучаемых показателей

  • Three-way ANOVA revealed significant interactions of Epitalon × Cyclophosphamide and Epitalon × Coat-color for both sperm abnormalities and micronuclei, but no Cyclophosphamide × Coat-color interaction for sperm abnormalities (P=0.0579); Epitalon's antimutagenic activity is therefore conditional on coat color.
    Quote, p. 4

    Также выявлено достоверное взаимодействие факторов «эпиталон» — «циклофосфан» и «эпиталон» — «цвет» ( но не «циклофосфан» — «цвет»)

  • In white (albino) mice, two-way ANOVA showed only Cyclophosphamide had a significant effect on sperm abnormalities and micronuclei; Epitalon and the Epitalon × Cyclophosphamide interaction were not significant, so Epitalon did not modify CF-induced genotoxicity in this group.
    Quote, p. 5

    У белых беспородных мышей только циклофосфан оказывает достоверное влияние на частоту АС и МЯ. Взаимодействие факторов статистически незначимо

  • In gray outbred mice, two-way ANOVA showed statistically significant main effects of both Epitalon and Cyclophosphamide, and a significant Epitalon × Cyclophosphamide interaction, for both sperm abnormalities and micronuclei.
    Quote, p. 5

    У серых беспородных мышей выявлено статистически значимое влияние как эпиталона, так и циклофосфана. Взаимодействие факторов также достоверно

  • In white mice, Epitalon combined with cyclophosphamide elevated abnormal sperm and micronucleus frequencies above control; in gray mice, the same combination restored frequencies to or below control, supporting a coat-color-dependent protective effect.
    Quote, p. 6

    В то же время у белых беспородных мышей эпиталон повысил частоту АГС и МЯ. В комбинации с ЦФ пептид также увеличил уровень АГС и МЯ

  • Two-factor ANOVA of aberrant cells and micronuclei frequencies was performed in white and gray outbred mice treated with epitalon and/or cyclophosphamide.
    Quote, p. 7

    Графики средних значений и взаимодействий факторов (m ± 99 %, ДИ), полученных в ходе двухфакторного дисперсионного анализа частоты АС и МЯ у белых беспородных мышей.

  • In the authors' experiments, epitalon showed specific (opposite) effects on mutagenesis in white (albino) versus gray mice, attributed to differences in melanin synthesis and pineal factor interactions.
    Quote, p. 10

    Однако в наших экспериментах мы обнаружили специфичность свойств эпиталона у животных, различающихся по окраске шерсти. Поскольку влияние эпиталона на процесс мутагенеза реализуется через связь с другими эпифизарными факторами, у белых и серых мышей эти взаимодействия приводят к противоположным эффектам.

  • Epitalon demonstrated protective antimutagenic effects in white mice but not in grey mice after cyclophosphamide injection, with the difference possibly explained by differing neuro-humoral status and stress-resistance.
    Quote, p. 14

    Epitalon demonstrate differences in antimutagenic activity after cyclophosphamide injection in mice. We demonstarted protection effects in white mice, but not in grey ones. Those effects may be explained by different neuro-humoral status and stress-resistance of the animals.

• 2007 Сравнительное изучение влияния различных световых режимов, мелатонина и эпиталона на двигательную активность… · n = 200 · outbred male LIO rats, born early May, randomized from 1 month of age CyberLeninka

  • A study in 200 outbred male LIO rats examined the effects of various light regimes, melatonin, and epitalon on motor activity and psychoemotional behavior in an open field test over an annual cycle.
    Quote, p. 1

    Эксперименты проводены на 200 положрезых крысах-самцах ЛИО [11], розденны в условиях ввария в начале мая.

  • Melatonin and epitalon produced a unidirectional (same-direction) effect on the motor activity of rats.
    Quote, p. 1

    Мелагонин и эпиталон оказывает на двигательную активность крыс однонаправленное действие

  • Under conditions of constant and natural illumination, melatonin and epitalon produced differently directed effects on the emotional and grooming components of rat behavior in the open field test.
    Quote, p. 1

    В условиях постоянного и естественного освещения наблюдается разнонаправленное действие препаратов на эмодинаминый и групинговый компоненты

  • Under standard illumination (СО), epitalon produced effects similar to but more pronounced than melatonin on locomotor activity, and unlike melatonin, by month 12 100% of rats returned to the original position.
    Quote, p. 7

    Применение эпиталона в этой экспериментальной группе приводило к аналогичным, но более выраженным результатам. Однако, в отличие от мелатонина, при применении эпиталона к 12-му месяцу 100% крыс возвращались на исходную позицию.

  • Under permanent illumination (ПО), epitalon produced less pronounced changes in behavior than melatonin; up to 80% of rats showed grooming (more than melatonin or placebo groups), and boluses (up to 3.1±0.98) and urinating rats (up to 20%) were fewer than in other comparison groups.
    Quote, p. 8

    Группа животных, получающих инъекции эпиталона, имела аналогичные, но менее выраженные параметры. Количество крыс, имеющих реакцию груминга (до 80%), было больше, чем в группах, получающих мелатонин или плацебо, а количество болюсов (до 3,1±0,98) и уринировавших крыс (до 20%), было меньше, чем в других сравниваемых группах.

  • Under natural illumination (ЕО) the epitalon group showed more boluses (up to 3.78±1.75, p<0.05) and more urinations (up to 42.85%) than the control group throughout the annual cycle.
    Quote, p. 9

    Болосов и уринаций у крыс эпиталоновой группы было больше в течение всего годового цикла чем в контрольной группе (до 3,78±1,75; p<0,05 и 42,85%, соответственно).

  • Under natural illumination (ЕО), the grooming reaction in rats receiving epitalon was significantly less frequent in winter but gradually increased starting from March.
    Quote, p. 9

    Реакция групинга в зимнее время у крыс, получающих эпиталон, наблюдаясь достоверно реже, но, начиная с марта, количество крыс с групингом постепенно увеличивалось.

  • Melatonin exerted a suppressive effect on emotional and grooming components of rat behavior, whereas epitalon did not exert such an effect.
    Quote, p. 10

    Мелатонин оказался утнегающее действие на эмциональный и группинговый компоненты поведения животных, а эпиталон такойствия не оказывает.

  • Under permanent illumination (ПО), melatonin and epitalon reduced motor activity during the first 7 months of study (corresponding to progressive growth of young rats), but exerted a stimulating effect on locomotor activity in adult and mature animals (8-12 months) compared with controls.
    Quote, p. 10

    В дальнейшем на взрослись и зрелых животных (8-12 месяцев) мелатонин и эпиталон оказалсяот stimулирующей действие, повышая локомотную активность, по сравнению с контрольной группой животных.

  • Under natural illumination (ЕО), the suppressive action of melatonin and epitalon on locomotor activity was observed in winter months, while at other times the preparations exerted a stimulating effect.
    Quote, p. 10

    В условиях ЕО утнегающее действие мелатонина и эпиталона проявляется в зимние месяцы, когда как в остальном время эти препараты оказывают stimулирующей влияние на локомотную активность животных.

• 2013 Влияние некоторых синтетических олигопептидов на Активность свободнорадикальных процессов при острой почечной… · n = 7 · rats with rhabdomyolytic acute renal failure CyberLeninka

  • In blood, epitalon increased ceruloplasmin content by 1.2 times compared with the ARF model group.
    Quote, p. 2

    введение олигопептидов вызвало увеличение содержания ЦП (в 1,2 раза при введении Т-35 и эпиталона, и в 1,6 раза при введении Т-31)

  • In kidney tissue, epitalon significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GP) activity by 1.6 times compared with the ARF model group, the only peptide among those studied producing this renal-tissue effect.
    Quote, p. 2

    В ткани почек достоверное увеличение активности ГП (в 1,6 раза) наблюдалось только при введении эпиталона

  • In kidney tissue, epitalon increased catalase activity by 1.4 times compared with the ARF model group.
    Quote, p. 2

    Все препараты вызывали увеличение активности каталазы в ткани почек (Т-35 в 1,7 раза, Т-31 и эпиталон в 1,4 раза)

  • In kidney tissue, epitalon reduced malondialdehyde (MA) content by 1.6 times compared with the ARF model group.
    Quote, p. 2

    Содержание МА снижалось при введении трипептида Т-35 в 1,2 раза и при введении эпиталона в 1,6 раза

• 2007 Влияние введения эпиталона беременным крысам на показатели развития мозга их 1и 40-дневного потомства · n = 36 · 1-day-old rat pups CyberLeninka

  • Morphometric study of 1-day-old offspring of epitalon-treated pregnant rats showed larger sizes of neuronal nuclei in layers II and V of the anterior parietal lobe (ПТД) and true parietal lobe (СТД), in hippocampus, and larger nucleoli in neurons of layer V of ПТД and hippocampus.
    Quote, p. 1

    Morphometrical study of 1 day old rats' brain revealed that posterity of experimental rats had bigger sizes of neurons' nuclei of II and V layers in anterior parietal lobe and true parietal lobe, hippocampus, and neurons nucleoli in V layer of anterior parietal lobe and hippocampus.

  • In an elevated plus maze test, offspring of epitalon-treated rats showed reduced time of leaning over the edge, reduced movements, reduced time spent in open arms, greater time in closed arms, fewer upright postures, fewer entries into open and closed arms — interpreted by the authors as reduced exploratory activity and increased anxiety.
    Quote, p. 1

    Совокупность данных отличий рассматривается как свидетельство снижения исследований активности и повышенной тревожности животных экспериментальной группы.

  • Brains of 40-day-old experimental rats showed greater thickness of СТД cortex (1528±34 μm vs 1350±36 μm in controls) and its layer I (137±2 μm vs 129±2 μm), a greater number of neurons in the standard field of view of layer II (21.3±0.8 vs 16.9±0.5), and increased nuclei and nucleoli sizes in layer V of ПТД and in hippocampal neurons.
    Quote, p. 2

    большей толщиной коры STД (1528±34 мкм против 1350±36 мкм), ее I слоя (137±2 мкм против 129±2 мкм), большим числом нейронов в стандартном поле зрения II слоя (21,3±0,8 против 16,9±0,5)

  • Concentration of nucleic acids in neuronal nuclei and nucleoli of experimental 40-day-old offspring was lower than in controls.
    Quote, p. 2

    Концентрация нуклеиновых кислот в их ядрах и ядрышках была меньше таковых в контроле.

  • Body weight of 40-day-old offspring was lower in the epitalon group (73.6±2.6 g) than in controls (83.4±4.9 g), and weight gain over the preceding 10 days was reduced (21.6 g vs 31.4 g).
    Quote, p. 2

    в 40-дневном возрасте этот показатель равнялся у контрольных крысят 83,4±4,9 г, у экспериментальных — 73,6±2,6 г, т.е. прирост массы тела за 10 дн. составляет 31,4 и 21,6 г соответственно снижен у животных подпытной группы.

  • Relative brain mass in 40-day-old experimental rats was higher than in controls (20.6±0.69 mg/g vs 18.3±0.87 mg/g).
    Quote, p. 2

    относительной масса мозга у 40-дневных крыс экспериментальной группы превишала такую в контроль (20,6±0,69 мг/г против 18,3±0,87 мг/г).

• 2011 Пептид эпифиза восстанавливает функциональную активность поджелудочной железы при индуцированном сахарном… · n = 14 · male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes CyberLeninka

  • Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats produced significant morphofunctional pancreatic changes, with B-cell insulin expression area reduced 3.5-fold and A-cell glucagon expression area increased 2-fold relative to control.
    Quote, p. 2

    площадь экспрессии инсулина В-клетками достоверно снижалась в 3.5 раза относительно контроля, в то время как площадь экспрессии глюкагон-продуцирующих А-клеток возрастала в 2 раза

  • In intact (control) rats, pancreatic immunohistochemical expression areas were 9.78±0.43% for insulin, 3.43±0.42% for glucagon, 1.92±0.55% for PCNA, and 0.58±0.43% for p53.
    Quote, p. 2

    площадь экспрессии инсулин-продуцирующих В-клеток составила 9,78±0,43%, глюкагон-продуцирующих А-клеток – 3,43±0,42%

  • Epitalon treatment led to a 4-fold reduction in p53 pro-apoptotic protein expression compared to the streptozotocin-only group.
    Quote, p. 3

    под действием эпиталона экспрессия проапоптотического белка р53 снижалась в 4 раза по сравнению со 2 группой

• 2020 Лекарственные пептидные препараты: прошлое, настоящее, будущее · transgenic mice CyberLeninka

  • In transgenic mice, the tetrapeptide suppressed expression of the HER-2/neu gene (human breast cancer) by 3.6-fold compared with control.
    Quote, p. 6

    Введение тетрапептида трансгенным мышам подавляло экспрессию гена HER-2/neu (рак молочной железы человека) в 3,6 раза по сравнению с контролем.

  • Using DNA-microarray technology to study 15,247 genes in mouse heart and brain, Epitalon statistically significantly altered expression of 98 genes, including those encoding adenylate kinase 2 (Ak2), RAD21 homologue, topoisomerase III β (Top3b), ferritin L-subunit, COP1, TLOC1, Enh2-pending, corticosteroid-binding globulin, Enigma/LIM protein, Hsp70/Hsp73, PASS1, MHC class II/III proteins, and butyrophilin precursor (BT, BUTY).
    Quote, p. 6

    Исследование влияния тетрапептида на экспрессию 15 247 генов сердца и головного мозга мышей с использованием ДНК-микрочиповой технологии показало, что Эпиталон статистически значимо изменяет экспрессию 98 генов.

• 2026 Therapeutic peptides in gerontology: mechanisms and applications for healthy aging. PDF

  • Animal studies suggest that epitalon increases activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, bolstering cellular defenses against age-related oxidative damage.
    Quote, p. 4

    Animal studies suggest that epitalon increases activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, bolstering cellular defenses against age-related oxidative damage

• 2025 Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties. · Mice (heart tissue in vivo) PDF

  • In an in vivo mouse heart gene expression study of 15,247 genes, Epitalon activated expression of 194 genes (up to 6.61-fold) and inhibited expression of 48 genes (up to 2.71-fold).
    Quote, p. 11

    Overall, 15,247 genes were investigated. Epitalon activated the expressions of 194 genes up to 6.61 times in some cases. Inhibition occurred on the expression of 48 genes by up to 2.71 times

• 2008 Влияние пептидов на антиоксидантный статус и параметры кривых выживания селектируемых инбредных линий… · Drosophila melanogaster (BA-, NA-, NA+ lines) CyberLeninka

  • Epithalon was classified as a geroprotector Type I in BA- (both sexes) and NA- females (increased mean lifespan without changing maximum lifespan), but showed no geroprotector effects in NA- males and in NA+ lines.
    Quote, p. 7

    Эпиталон + 0 I + 0 I

• 2006 Влияние эпиталона на течение ожоговой болезни в эксперименте · burned white outbred rats CyberLeninka

  • Epithalon reduced stress-related gastric mucosal pathology in burned rats compared with saline control; the protective effect increased with dose, most evident on day 6 after burn.
    Quote, p. 3

    у крыс,.leucенных эриттолоном, патологические изменения в желудке были значительно менее выражены по сравнению с контролю группой. С увеличением дозы tetraпетита положительный эффект возвращал, особенно на 6 сут.

Cell and tissue studies (100 from 13 sources)

• 2025 Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties. · isolated rat hepatocytes PDF

  • Epitalon showed no impact on protein synthesis levels in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Quote, p. 3

    This was partially confirmed in a study by Brodsky et al., where Epitalon showed no impact on the protein synthesis levels in isolated rat hepatocytes

  • No significant proliferation rate increase after Epitalon administration was observed in an MTT assay on human periodontal ligament stem cells.
    Quote, p. 3

    Also, no significant proliferation rate increase after Epitalon administration was observed in an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay experiment conducted on human periodontal ligament stem cells

  • Epitalon showed statistically significant impacts on AANAT and pCREB in rat pinealocyte culture, suggesting a direct effect on melatonin synthesis, and was significantly more potent than Vilon after three hours.
    Quote, p. 3

    Epitalon showed a more prolonged mechanism of action than Vilon and was significantly more potent after three hours of the experiment

  • In rat pineal gland cultures, Epitalon decreased the quantity of undifferentiated CD5+ cells, increased expression of the B-cell marker CD20, and did not influence mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
    Quote, p. 3

    Epitalon decreased the quantity of undifferentiated CD5+ cells, increased the expression of the B-cell marker CD20, and did not influence mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

  • On splenocytes from CBA mice, Epitalon elicited elevated IL-2 mRNA levels after 5 hours, distinguishing it from Vilon which affected splenocytes after 20 hours.
    Quote, p. 4

    Epitalon elicited elevated IL-2 mRNA levels just after 5 h, distinguishing it from Vilon, which also affected the splenocytes after 20 h

  • In human neuroblastoma NB7 cells in hypoxia, Epitalon fully stopped the decrease in neprilysin (NEP) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) mRNA synthesis, demonstrating antihypoxic characteristics.
    Quote, p. 4

    In hypoxia, NB7 cells expressed only 70% of IDE and NEP on average. Epitalon was confirmed to fully stop this decrease in mRNA synthesis.

  • Epitalon showed a comitogenic effect on murine thymocytes when co-treated with concanavalin A or rIL-1β (p<0.05), did not activate neutral sphingomyelinase, but inhibited it at low concentrations.
    Quote, p. 4

    A comitogenic effect of Epitalon was observed when thymocytes were co-treated with concavalin A or rIL-1β (p < 0.05). Additionally, it was proven that Epitalon does not activate neutral sphingomyelinase. At low concentrations, Epitalon did inhibit this enzyme.

  • In telomerase-positive HeLa cultures and human fetal lung fibroblasts 602/17, Epitalon-treated cells demonstrated high telomere lengths during the G1 phase of the cell cycle, as assessed by the TRAP protocol.
    Quote, p. 4

    Telomerase-positive and Epitalon-treated fibroblasts demonstrated high telomere lengths during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

  • In human fetal fibroblasts, Epitalon-treated cells kept dividing even after the 44th passage, whereas control fibroblast culture lost its ability for mitosis after the 34th passage.
    Quote, p. 5

    Control fibroblast culture lost its ability for mitosis after the 34th passage. Epitalon-treated cells kept dividing even after the 44th passage

  • In lymphocyte cultures from elderly donors (75–88 years), Epitalon treatment increased the deheterochromatization level of facultative heterochromatin to values higher than both young and old control groups, though Epitalon was not the most potent peptide tested.
    Quote, p. 5

    the deheterochromatization level of facultative heterochromatin changed significantly to values higher than those of both control groups after peptide treatment. However, Epitalon was not the most potent peptide

  • Epitalon exhibits antimutagenic characteristics when co-administered with Zinc, Cobalt, and Nickel in human lymphocyte chromatin studies.
    Quote, p. 5

    it was noted that Epitalon exhibits antimutagenic characteristics when co-administered with Zinc, Cobalt, and Nickel

  • Epitalon effectively and selectively safeguarded aged human pineal cells from the aging process, while showing no impact on thymocyte aging, supporting its tissue-specific activity on the pineal gland.
    Quote, p. 5

    Epitalon was again demonstrated to have no impact on the aging processes of thymocytes... Epitalon effectively and selectively safeguarded aged human pineal cells from the aging process

  • Epitalon increased Nestin and GAP43 transcription rates in human gingival mesenchymal stem cells with p < 0.01 significance, and also significantly influenced β-tubulin III and Doublecortin mRNA levels.
    Quote, p. 6

    p < 0.01 statistical significancy that Epitalon increases Nestin and GAP43 transcription rates. Additionally, it was found that β-tubulin III and Doublecortin mRNA levels were also significantly influenced by Epitalon administration

  • Epitalon showed dose-dependent inhibitory effect on human enkephalinase with an IC50 of 500 µM, and did not affect binding of a tritium-labeled synthetic enkephalin analog to rat brain membranes, indicating no interaction with µ- or δ opioid receptors.
    Quote, p. 19

    Epitalon's inhibitory effect on human enkephalinase was observed. Inhibition was dose-dependent. The IC50 for Epitalon was 500 µM

  • Epitalon at 10−7 M was verified to exhibit epigenetic action by specifically binding to the CAG region of DNA, which serves as a methylation target for plant cytosine methyltransferases, potentially activating or silencing expressions of certain genes.
    Quote, p. 20

    Subsequent analysis verified that Epitalon exhibits epigenetic action by specifically binding to the CAG region of DNA, which serves as a methylation target for plant cytosine methyltransferases.

  • Molecular docking (Table 4) showed Epitalon binding to LAT1-4F2hc (PDB 6IRT, ICM-Score −32.93), LAT2-4F2hc (PDB 7CMH, ICM-Score −23.62), and Apo HsPepT1/PEPT1 (PDB 7PN1, ICM-Score −18.00), with binding strength comparable to established PEPT1 inhibitors.
    Quote, p. 22

    Epitalon has a binding strength comparable to that of established PEPT1 inhibitors.

  • In silico molecular dynamics (160 ns simulations) showed complete absorption of 16 Epitalon peptide molecules on second- and third-generation lysine dendrimers in water, with complexes between 16 Epitalon molecules and second-generation dendrimers forming after 20 ns.
    Quote, p. 22

    Simulations lasting 160 ns showed the complete absorption of all peptide molecules on the dendrimer. Complexes between 16 Epitalon molecules and second-generation dendrimers were formed after 20 ns.

  • Primary interactions between Epitalon and lysine dendrimers occurred between positively charged NH3+ groups of the dendrimer and negatively charged COO− groups of glutamic acid and asparagine in Epitalon, and binding strength could be altered through pH manipulation.
    Quote, p. 22

    The primary interactions between Epitalon molecules and dendrimers transpired between the positively charged NH3 + groups of the dendrimer and the negatively charged COO− groups of glutamic acid and asparagine in Epitalon peptides.

  • Subsequent molecular dynamics work found that Epitalon forms complexes with lysine dendrigrafts and K2R dendrimers rapidly (within 10 ns), suggesting utility for modern drug delivery.
    Quote, p. 22

    Complexes were produced rapidly (within 10 ns). The Epitalon–dendrimer complex was determined to possess a minimum atomic density.

• 2020 AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis: Possible… · molecular conformation (in silico/in vitro) PDF

  • AEDG peptide increased Nestin, GAP43, β-Tubulin III and Doublecortin mRNA expression by 1.6–1.8 times in hGMSCs.
    Quote, p. 1

    AEDG peptide increased Nestin, GAP43, β Tubulin III and Doublecortin mRNA expression by 1.6–1.8 times in hGMSCs.

  • Molecular modelling showed that AEDG peptide preferably binds with H1/6 and H1/3 histones in specific sites that interact with DNA.
    Quote, p. 1

    Molecular modelling method showed, that AEDG peptide preferably binds with H1/6 and H1/3 histones in His-Pro-Ser-Tyr-Met-Ala-His-Pro-Ala-Arg-Lys and Tyr-Arg-Lys-Thr-Gln sites, which interact with DNA.

  • Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that the compound of AEDG, KED, KE, and AED peptides increased GAP43 and nestin synthesis in hPDLSCs culture.
    Quote, p. 2

    Western Blot analysis and immunofluorescent confocal microscopy demonstrated that the compound of AEDG, KED, KE, and AED peptides increased grow-associated protein 43 (GAP43) and nestin (neurofilament protein) synthesis in hPDLSCs culture

  • hGMSCs were characterized by surface markers: positive for CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105 and negative for CD14, CD34, and CD45.
    Quote, p. 3

    The expression of different surface molecules CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105 were analyzed in hGMSCs, with the cells being negative for the subsequent markers CD14, CD34, and CD45

  • RUNX-2 and ALP mRNA expression in differentiated hGMSCs was 1.6 and 1.8 times higher than in undifferentiated cells.
    Quote, p. 3

    RUNX-2 and ALP mRNA expression in differentiated cells was 1.6 and 1.8 times higher than that in undifferentiated cells.

  • The AEDG peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, Epitalon) forms four intramolecular hydrogen bonds in its low-energy conformation with a total charge of −2 at pH 7.6 and an energy of −294.43 kcal/mol.
    Quote, p. 6

    the total charge of the peptide molecule is −2. The AEDG peptide forms four intramolecular hydrogen bonds... The energy of this low-energy conformation was −294.43 kcal/mol.

  • The hydrophobicity index of the AEDG peptide was calculated to be −8.5, indicating hydrophilicity of the molecule.
    Quote, p. 6

    The hydrophobicity index of the AEDG peptide is −8.5, which indicates the hydrophilicity of the molecule.

  • The AEDG peptide binds to histone H1/1 according to the sequence Ile-Thr-Leu-Lys-Glu-Arg-Thr-Gly-Val-Ala-Lys-Lys with a minimum interaction energy of −27.29 kcal/mol.
    Quote, p. 6

    The AEDG peptide binds to histone H1/1 according to the sequence Ile-Thr-Leu-Lys-Glu-Arg-Thr-Gly-Val-Ala-Lys-Lys with a minimum energy of −27.29 kcal/mol.

  • The AEDG peptide binds to histone H1/6 at site 5 according to the sequence Tyr-Arg-Lys-Thr-Gln with an energy of −64.51 kcal/mol, which was the minimum (most probable) of all models constructed in the docking analysis.
    Quote, p. 6

    The AEDG peptide binds to histone H1/6 in the sequence Tyr-Arg-Lys-Thr-Gln with an energy of −64.51 kcal/mol. This energy value is the minimum (most probable) of all the models constructed in our work.

  • Molecular modeling predicted that the AEDG peptide most likely interacts with linker histone H1/6 (sequence Tyr-Arg-Lys-Thr-Gln, binding energy −64.51 kcal/mol) and histone H1/3 (binding energy −56.49 kcal/mol), while not showing homologous binding sites for core histones H4, H3, or H2b.
    Quote, p. 8

    the AEDG peptide was most likely to interact with the linker histones H1/6, as requiring the lowest binding energy (sequence Tyr-Arg-Lys-Thr-Gln, binding energy −64.51 kcal/mol) and H1/3

  • Statistical analysis of mRNA expression data used two-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests, with p < 0.01 considered statistically significant.
    Quote, p. 10

    A two-way analysis of variance tests was performed. Tukey tests were applied for pairwise comparisons. The value of p < 0.01 was considered statistically significant in all tests.

  • The 2D structure of AEDG peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, Epitalon) was calculated in protonated form at pH 7 using molecular mechanics.
    Quote, p. 10

    Figure 7. 2D-structure of AEDG peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, Epitalon) in protonated form with pH 7.

• 2022 MD Simulation of AEDG Peptide Complexes with New K2R Dendrimer and Dendrigraft · n = 16 · AEDG (Epitalon) tetrapeptide molecules in silico PDF

  • AEDG peptide molecules were attracted by both the K2R dendrimer and the DG2 dendrigraft and were quickly adsorbed by them during the MD simulations.
    Quote, p. 1

    It was obtained that peptide molecules were attracted by both branched molecules and were quickly adsorbed by them.

  • The K2R dendrimer complex with AEDG peptides is more stable than the DG2 dendrigraft complex, having almost twice as many hydrogen bonds with the peptide molecules and 33% more ion pairs with their charged groups.
    Quote, p. 1

    new dendrimer complex is more stable than dendrigraft complex because it has almost twice more hydrogen bonds with peptide molecules and 33% more ion pairs with their charged groups.

  • MD simulations of systems containing one DG2 lysine dendrigraft (or K2R dendrimer) with 16 AEDG tetrapeptides in water with explicit counterions were performed using GROMACS with the AMBER99SB-ildn force field at 300 K and 1 atm.
    Quote, p. 2

    In this paper MD simulation was performed for systems containing lysine dendrigraft or lysine dendrimer and 16 AEDG peptides.

  • Each AEDG peptide carries a charge of -2, contributed by the -1 COO- side groups of Glu (E) and Asp (D) residues.
    Quote, p. 2

    Each of 16 AEDG peptides has charge -2 (consisting of charge –1 of COO- side group of Glu (E) and Asp (D) aminoacid residues).

  • Complex formation of 16 AEDG peptides with the DG2 dendrigraft completed by about 10 ns, whereas complex formation with the K2R dendrimer required about 25 ns.
    Quote, p. 3

    after t equal 10ns and 25ns correspondingly (Fig.1c and Fig. 2c) all tetrapeptide molecules are adsorbed completely.

  • The number of hydrogen bonds between AEDG peptides and the branched carrier reached plateau values of about 50 (with DG2 dendrigraft) and about 100 (with K2R dendrimer).
    Quote, p. 4

    (near 50 and 100 H-bonds correspondingly) and become close to their equilibrium values.

  • The K2R dendrimer compacts more than the DG2 dendrigraft upon AEDG binding, with the dendrimer size in complex being 1.40× smaller and the dendrigraft size 1.18× smaller than in water.
    Quote, p. 4

    Thus, their sizes in complex are 1.18 and 1.40 times less in complexes with the same tetrapeptides than in free state in water.

  • Equilibrium radii of gyration were calculated as Rg=1.53 nm for free DG2, 1.73 nm for DG2+16AEDG complex, 1.42 nm for free K2R, and 1.51 nm for K2R+16AEDG complex, with shape anisotropies Rg33/Rg11 of 1.31, 1.30, 1.43, and 1.39 respectively.
    Quote, p. 5

    Table 1. Values of Rg11, Rg22, Rg33, Rg (nm) and anisotropy for dendrigraft DG2 and its complex with 16AEDG and for dendrimer K2R and its complex with 16AEDG peptide molecules.

  • MD simulation shows that stable complexes of 16 AEDG (Epitalon) tetrapeptide molecules with a lysine dendrigraft and with a new K2R dendrimer of similar molecular mass and charge were formed very quickly.
    Quote, p. 6

    It was shown that stable dendrigraft-tetrapeptide and dendrimertetrapeptide complexes were formed very quickly.

  • The atomic density of the K2R dendrimer with positively charged arginine spacers in a complex with oppositely charged AEDG tetrapeptides shows a pronounced minimum, a feature not previously observed for lysine dendrimers/dendrigrafts of the 2nd generation.
    Quote, p. 6

    in this article, it was shown for the first time that the atomic density of a peptide dendrimer with positively

  • The radial density distribution of AEDG tetrapeptide molecules in both dendrigraft and K2R dendrimer complexes shows an unusual broad plateau between r=0.5 nm and 1.8 nm relative to the center of the complex.
    Quote, p. 6

    Radial density distribution of AEDG tetrapeptide molecules in dendrigraft and dendrimer complexes also have rather unusual broad plateau range between r=0.5 nm and 1.8 nm relatively center of complex.

  • The complex of AEDG tetrapeptide with K2R dendrimer is more stable than its complex with a second-generation dendrigraft of similar molecular mass and charge, as evidenced by roughly twice as many hydrogen bonds.
    Quote, p. 6

    there are strong contacts.due to hydrogen bonds (with twice more H-bonds in complex with new dendrimer than in complex with dendrigraft).

  • Ion pairs between positively charged groups of the dendrimer/dendrigraft and the COO− groups of AEDG tetrapeptide molecules contribute substantially to complex stability, with the K2R dendrimer complex showing about 1.7 times higher first peak in the pair distribution function than the dendrigraft complex.
    Quote, p. 6

    with about 1.7 times higher first peak for new dendrimer complex in comparison with dendrigraft complex

  • The K2R dendrimer forms about 1.33 times more ion pairs with AEDG tetrapeptide than the dendrigraft, indicating a more stable complex.
    Quote, p. 6

    Because this peak is about 1.33 times higher for K2R dendrimer it has more ion pairs and thus more stable complex.

• 2018 Компьютерное моделирование взаимодействия лизинового дендримера и пептидов Эпиталон · G2 lysine dendrimer with 16 Epitalon peptides (computational) CyberLeninka

  • With free Epithalon peptides, peptide molecules adsorb not only on the dendrimer surface but also penetrate inside, forming a stable complex; with chemically conjugated peptides, the peptides remain mainly on the surface and compress the dendrimer inward, producing a more compact structure than the free-peptide complex.
    Quote, p. 1

    в случае свободных молекул пептида Эпиталон эти молекулы адсорбируются не только на поверхности, но и проникают внутрь дендримера, образуют с ним стабильный комплекс. В случае конъюгата пептиды меньше проникают внутрь дендримера, но, находясь в основном на его поверхности, поджимают дендример внутрь комплекса, образуя с ним более компактную структуру.

  • The interaction between a second-generation lysine dendrimer (G2) with 16 positively charged NH3+ terminal groups and 16 Epithalon tetrapeptides was studied using molecular dynamics simulation with GROMACS 4.5.6 and the AMBER_99SB-ildn force field at 300 K and 1 atm in a 9 nm cubic water box.
    Quote, p. 2

    В данной работе моделирование проводили методом молекулярной динамики для систем, включающих в себя один лизиновый дендример второго поколения (G2), имеющий 16 положительно заряженных NH3+ концевых групп, 16 молекул тетрапептида Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly и противоионы.

  • Two systems were simulated: (1) G2 dendrimer with 16 freely distributed Epithalon peptides, and (2) G2 dendrimer with 16 Epithalon peptides chemically attached to its terminal groups.
    Quote, p. 2

    В работе были рассмотрены следующие системы: 1. лизиновый дендример второго поколения и 16 пептидов Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, свободно распределенных по ячейке; 2. лизиновый дендример второго поколения и 16 пептидов Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, пришитых к его концам.

  • In the system with free Epithalon peptides, the initial radius of gyration Rg was 3.70 nm and the complex reached equilibrium within 7–10 ns, after which the radius of gyration fluctuated around a stable mean value.
    Quote, p. 3

    первая подсистема (со свободными пептидами) имеет большой начальный размер Rg(t=0) = 3,70 нм… В результате все пептиды адсорбируются на дендример, и комплекс с 16 свободными пептидами Эпиталона формируется в течение 7–10 нс.

  • In the system with chemically conjugated Epithalon peptides, the initial Rg was 1.45 nm and equilibrium was reached only after approximately 70 ns.
    Quote, p. 3

    Для второй подсистемы, состоящей из дендримера и 16 химически пришитых к нему молекул пептида Эпиталон (рис. 2, б), начальное значение Rg (t=0)=1,45 нм… комплекс достигает равновесного состояния только после 70 нс.

  • The initial number of hydrogen bonds between the dendrimer and peptides was 0 in the free-peptide system (rising to a plateau around 7–10 ns) and 13 in the conjugated system at t=0.
    Quote, p. 3

    В первой подсистеме (рис. 3, a) в начале расчета N(t=0)=0, поскольку дендример находится далеко от пептидов… Во второй подсистеме (рис. 3, б) начальное число водородных связей N(t) между дендримером и пептидами в начале моделирования было равно 13

  • In equilibrium, the radius of gyration Rg of the G2 dendrimer complexed with 16 free Epitalon molecules is 2.17 times larger than that of the G2 dendrimer alone, while the conjugate with 16 grafted Epitalon molecules is only 1.14 times larger than the dendrimer itself.
    Quote, p. 5

    В равновесном состоянии размеры Rg первого комплекса (G2 и 16 свободных молекул пептида Эпиталон) в 2,17 раза больше, чем размеры самого дендримера (G2), а размеры второго комплекса (G2 и 16 пришитых молекул пептида Эпиталон) в 1,14 раз больше, чем размеры дендримера G2

  • At equilibrium (t > 10 ns) the number of hydrogen bonds between dendrimer and peptides is approximately 20 for the complex with free Epitalon molecules and approximately 14 for the conjugate with grafted Epitalon molecules.
    Quote, p. 5

    число водородных связей в равновесном состоянии (при t > 10 нс) для первого комплекса равно примерно 20, а для второго – примерно 14.

  • Shape anisotropy (Rg33/Rg11) is 1.69 for the bare G2 dendrimer, 1.28 for the G2 complex with 16 free Epitalon molecules, and 1.16 for the G2 conjugate with 16 grafted Epitalon molecules, indicating both peptide-bearing systems are closer to spherical than the bare dendrimer.
    Quote, p. 5

    Это отношение для дендримера 2-го поколения равно 1,69, для комплекса G2 и 16 свободных пептидов – 1,28, для комплекса G2 и 16 пришитых пептидов – 1,16.

  • Molecular dynamics simulation showed that the complex of a generation-2 lysine dendrimer with 16 free Epitalon molecules reaches equilibrium rapidly (within 7–10 ns), whereas the conjugate with 16 Epitalon molecules grafted to the dendrimer ends equilibrates much more slowly (approximately 70 ns).
    Quote, p. 7

    в системе со свободными пептидами быстро (за 7–10 нс) образуется дендример-пептидный комплекс. В то же время в конъюгате G2, с 16 пришитыми к концам дендримера молекулами пептида Эпиталон, установление равновесия происходит существенно медленнее (примерно за 70 нс).

  • Translational diffusion coefficients (D ×10^5 cm²/s) computed from MSD were 0.21 ± 0.03 for the G2 complex with 16 free Epitalon molecules and 0.25 ± 0.06 for the G2 conjugate with 16 grafted Epitalon molecules, consistent with the smaller size of the conjugate.
    Quote, p. 7

    D, ×105 см2/с 0,21 ± 0,03 0,25 ± 0,06

  • In both the free-peptide complex and the grafted conjugate, a strong ionic interaction was observed between the positively charged NH3+ groups of the lysine dendrimer and the carboxylate (COO–) groups of glutamic and aspartic acid residues of the Epitalon peptide.
    Quote, p. 7

    В обоих случаях имеется сильное взаимодействие положительно заряженных групп NH3+ дендримера и карбоксильных групп глютаминовой и аспарагиновой кислоты молекул пептида Эпиталон.

• 2018 Computer modeling of interaction of lysine dendrimer with Epithalon peptides · computational model (G2 lysine dendrimer + 16 free Epitalon peptides) PDF

  • Computer modeling shows that a complex of a 2nd-generation lysine dendrimer (G2) with 16 free Epitalon peptide molecules reaches equilibrium with a radius of gyration Rg of 2.44 nm, 2.17 times the size of the dendrimer alone (Rg = 1.12 nm).
    Quote, p. 5

    В равновесном состоянии размеры Rg первого комплекса (G2 и 16 свободных молекул пептида Эпиталон) в 2,17 раза больше, чем размеры самого дендримера (G2)

  • Computer modeling shows that a covalent conjugate of a G2 lysine dendrimer with 16 attached Epitalon molecules reaches equilibrium with Rg = 1.28 nm, only 1.14 times the size of the dendrimer alone, indicating a much more compact system than the free-peptide complex.
    Quote, p. 5

    размеры второго комплекса (G2 и 16 пришитых молекул пептида Эпиталон) в 1,14 раз больше, чем размеры дендримера G2

  • At equilibrium (t > 10 ns), the number of hydrogen bonds between the G2 dendrimer and Epitalon peptides averages about 20 for the complex with free peptides and about 14 for the conjugate with attached peptides.
    Quote, p. 5

    число водородных связей в равновесном состоянии (при t > 10 нс) для первого комплекса равно примерно 20, а для второго – примерно 14

  • The computed translational diffusion coefficient D for the G2 + 16 free Epitalon complex is 0.21 ± 0.03 ×10^5 cm²/s, while for the G2 + 16 attached Epitalon conjugate it is 0.25 ± 0.06 ×10^5 cm²/s, with the larger D of the conjugate attributed to its smaller size.
    Quote, p. 7

    значения D для конъюгата больше, чем значение для комплекса, что коррелирует с меньшими размерами конъюгата

  • Simulation shows a strong ionic interaction, manifested as a sharp peak in the radial distribution, between the positively charged NH3+ groups of the lysine dendrimer and the negatively charged COO- carboxyl groups of glutamic acid and aspartic acid residues of Epitalon, with more ion pairs in the conjugate than in the free-peptide complex.
    Quote, p. 7

    имеется острый пик, отвечающий непосредственному контакту положительно заряженных групп NH3+ дендримера и карбоксильных групп глютаминовой кислоты и аспарагина пептидов

  • Molecular dynamics simulation indicates that free Epitalon peptides form a dendrimer-peptide complex with G2 within 7-10 ns, whereas a covalent conjugate of G2 with 16 Epitalon molecules attached at the dendrimer ends reaches equilibrium much more slowly, in about 70 ns.
    Quote, p. 8

    Показано, что в системе со свободными пептидами быстро (за 7–10 нс) образуется дендример-пептидный комплекс. В то же время в конъюгате G2, с 16 пришитыми к концам дендримера молекулами пептида Эпиталон, установление равновесия происходит существенно медленнее (примерно за 70 нс).

  • Radial distribution analysis indicates that in the complex with free Epitalon peptides the dendrimer is located in the interior while the peptides lie both on the surface and partially inside the complex, whereas in the conjugate with attached Epitalon molecules the dendrimer is in the interior and the peptides are confined to the surface, compressing the dendrimer inward.
    Quote, p. 8

    в комплексе со свободными пептидами дендример находится внутри, а пептиды – на его поверхности и, частично, внутри комплекса. В случае комплекса с пришитыми к концам дендримера пептидами дендример находится внутри комплекса, а пептиды – только на его поверхности и сильно «поджимают» дендример внутрь комплекса.

  • Molecular dynamics simulation showed that free Epithalon peptide molecules are adsorbed not only on the surface but also penetrate inside the second-generation lysine dendrimer, forming a stable complex with it.
    Quote, p. 596

    в случае свободных молекул пептида Эпиталон эти молекулы адсорбируются не только на поверхности, но и проникают внутрь дендримера, образуют с ним стабильный комплекс

  • In the conjugated system, chemically tethered Epithalon peptides penetrate less into the dendrimer but compress it inward, forming a more compact structure than the free-peptide complex.
    Quote, p. 596

    В случае конъюгата пептиды меньше проникают внутрь дендримера, но, находясь в основном на его поверхности, поджимают дендример внутрь комплекса, образуя с ним более компактную структуру

  • For the system of one second-generation lysine dendrimer with 16 free Epithalon tetrapeptides, the initial radius of gyration was Rg(t=0) = 3.70 nm, and the complex reached equilibrium within 7–10 ns of simulation.
    Quote, p. 597

    первая подсистема (со свободными пептидами) имеет большой начальный размер Rg(t=0) = 3,70 нм

  • For the system of one second-generation lysine dendrimer with 16 chemically tethered Epithalon tetrapeptides, the initial radius of gyration was Rg(t=0) = 1.45 nm, and the system reached equilibrium only after about 70 ns.
    Quote, p. 598

    Для второй подсистемы, состоящей из дендримера и 16 химически пришитых к нему молекул пептида Эпиталон (рис. 2, б), начальное значение Rg (t=0)=1,45 нм

• 2025 Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity. · Human cell lines (21NT, BT474 breast cancer; IBR.3 fibroblasts; HMEC normal epithelial) PDF

  • Epitalon upregulates hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase enzyme activity in normal cells, leading to dose-dependent telomere length extension.
    Quote, p. 1

    Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated dosedependent telomere length extension in normal cells through hTERT and telomerase upregulation.

  • Significant telomere length extension occurred in cancer cells (21NT and BT474) through ALT (Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres) activation, while only a minor increase in ALT activity was observed in normal cells.
    Quote, p. 1

    In cancer cells, significant telomere length extension also occurred through ALT (Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres) activation. Only a minor increase in ALT activity was observed in Normal cells, thereby showing that it was specific to cancer cells.

  • Epitalon treatment resulted in a significant increase in telomere length for all cell lines tested (21NT, BT474, IBR.3, and HMEC).
    Quote, p. 7

    We have shown that epitalon treatment resulted in a significant increase in telomere length for all cell lines tested (Fig. 1), which correlated with an increase in hTERT expression

  • IBR.3 cells showed no increase in ALT activity after epitalon treatment, and HMEC cells exhibited an insignificant increase in ALT activity.
    Quote, p. 7

    IBR.3 showed no increase in ALT activity after treatment and HMEC exhibited an insignificant increase after treatment

  • Immunofluorescence revealed that treatment with epitalon was associated with a significant elevation of PML bodies for both BT474 and 21NT compared to untreated controls.
    Quote, p. 7

    IF revealed that the treatment with epitalon was associated with a significant elevation of PML bodies for both BT474 and 21NT compared to the untreated controls

  • Epitalon activates ALT in cancer cells only and not in normal cells, as demonstrated by elevated ALT activity and PML body formation in 21NT and BT474 but not IBR.3 or HMEC.
    Quote, p. 10

    our data suggest that epitalon activates ALT in cancer cells only and not in normal cells.

• 2018 Lysine Dendrimers and Their Complexes with Therapeutic and Amyloid Peptides: Computer Simulation · G2 lysine dendrimer + 16 Epithalon peptides in silico system PDF

  • In molecular dynamics simulation, lysine G2 dendrimer forms a stable complex with 16 Epithalon peptides, reaching equilibrium within 20–30 ns as evidenced by plateauing of gyration radius and hydrogen bond number.
    Quote, p. 8

    It means that stable dendrimer-peptides complex forms within 20–30 ns.

  • In the equilibrium state, the radius of gyration of the G2–Epithalon complex is approximately 2.18 times larger than that of the dendrimer alone.
    Quote, p. 9

    the size Rg of the complex (G2 and 16 Epithalon peptides) is near 2.18 times larger than the size of dendrimer itself.

  • The anisotropy ratio Rg33/Rg11 is lower for the G2–Epithalon complex (1.28) than for the dendrimer alone (1.69), indicating Epithalon adsorption reduces dendrimer shape anisotropy.
    Quote, p. 9

    For dendrimer, this ratio is equal to 1.69 and for the complex—1.28. Thus, the anisotropy of dendrimer with adsorbed Epithalon peptides is less than anisotropy of dendrimer itself

  • In the simulated complex, Epithalon peptides are predominantly located on the surface of the dendrimer, although a small fraction may penetrate into the outer part of the dendrimer.
    Quote, p. 9

    Epithalon peptides (curve 1, Figure 7a) located mainly on the surface of the complex. At the same time, some fraction of peptides could slightly penetrate into dendrimer but not to its inner part.

  • In the simulated equilibrium state, the average number of hydrogen bonds between the dendrimer and Epithalon peptides is close to 20 (fluctuating between 9 and 28), corresponding on average to roughly one hydrogen bond per peptide.
    Quote, p. 10

    average hydrogen bond number in equilibrium state for the complex is close to 20. It means that each peptide is connected in average by one hydrogen bond with dendrimer.

  • The simulated diffusion coefficient of the dendrimer–Epithalon peptide complex is (0.21 ± 0.03) × 10⁵ sm²/s, consistent with diffusion-like translational motion.
    Quote, p. 10

    The diffusion coefficient of the complex was determined from the slope of the time dependence of MSD and is equal to (0.21 ± 0.03) × 105 sm2/s.

• 2019 Effect of short peptides on neuronal differentiation of stem cells. · human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) PDF

  • MTT assay at 24, 48, 72 hours and 1 week indicated that peptides including AEDG (epitalon) did not induce an inhibition on hPDLSC cell proliferation.
    Quote, p. 5

    MTT assay at 24, 48, 72, and 1 week indicated that peptides did not induce an inhibition on cell proliferation, and also, the combination of these peptides showed a positive action on the proliferation rate starting at 1 week of culture

  • AEDG (epitalon), KE, AED, KED and their mixture increased GAP43 protein synthesis in hPDLSC cultures compared to control cells, as shown by immunofluorescence.
    Quote, p. 5

    Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy images showed that the peptides AEDG, KE, AED, and KED and their mixture increased the synthesis of the GAP43 protein in hPDLSCs cultures compared to the control cells

  • More than 50% of differentiated hPDLSCs treated with the peptide mixture were positive for GAP43 and Nestin compared to differentiated cells without peptide treatment.
    Quote, p. 7

    more than 50% of differentiated cells treated with peptides mixture were positive for GAP43 and Nestin, respectively, when compared to the differentiated cells with no peptides treatment

  • Western blot analysis confirmed that the mixture of AEDG (epitalon), KE, AED, and KED peptides induced an increase in GAP43 expression in undifferentiated hPDLSCs, with effects more evident in differentiated cells compared to undifferentiated and untreated differentiated controls.
    Quote, p. 7

    Western blot analysis confirm confocal microscopy data, and the mixture of AEDG, KE, AED, and KED peptides induced an increase of GAP43 expression in undifferentiated hPDLSCs

  • Nestin expression significantly increased in hPDLSCs maintained under differentiation conditions treated with KED peptide or peptide mixture compared with control cells.
    Quote, p. 7

    in hPDLSCs maintained under differentiation culture conditions and with KED peptide or peptide mixture treatments, the expression of Nestin significantly increased compared with the control cells

• 2013 Влияние дипептида Lys-Glu и тетрапептида Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly на экспрессию генов провоспалительных,… · in silico molecular modeling of human cytokine gene promoter sequences from GenBank CyberLeninka

  • The Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly tetrapeptide was found to have binding sites in promoters of proinflammatory (IL-1a, IL-6, IL-17A, TNFa), anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10), and immune (IL-2, IL-5) cytokine genes, interacting via ATTTC, TAAAC, ATTTG, CTTTG, and TAAAG sequences.
    Quote, p. 1

    Тетрапептид Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly имеет сайты связывания с генами IL-1a и IL-2. Последовательности нуклеотидов генов цитокинов, вступающих во взаимодействие с дипептидом Lys-Glu, представлены преимущественно GCAG и, в меньшей мере, — СGTC, а с тетрапептидом Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly — ATTTC, TAAAC, ATTTG, CTTTG и TAAAG.

  • In the IL-2 gene promoter, no Lys-Glu binding sites were found, while 16 binding sites for Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly were identified (via CAAAT, TAAAC, GTTTA, TAAAG, GTTTC, CTTTG, GAAAT, CAAAG, ATTTC, CTTTA sequences), suggesting the tetrapeptide is a key regulator of IL-2 gene expression.
    Quote, p. 1

    Что же касается гена IL-2, то в нем не содержатся сайты связывания с дипептидом Lys-Glu, тогда как связь с тетрапептидом Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly может осуществляться с помощью 16 участков.

  • In the IL-5 gene promoter, the number of Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly binding sites was 10-fold greater than for Lys-Glu, with Lys-Glu having only 2 binding sites (GCAG sequence), leading the authors to conclude the tetrapeptide is the key regulator of IL-5 gene expression.
    Quote, p. 1

    в гене IL-5 число последовательностей, способных реагировать с тетрапептидом Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, в 10 раз превышает содержание таковых для дипептида Lys-Glu.

  • In the IL-1a gene promoter, no Lys-Glu binding sites were found, but binding sites for Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (ATTTC, TAAAC, ATTTG, CTTTG, TAAAG sequences) were identified, suggesting the tetrapeptide can interact with the IL-1a gene in its regulatory region to activate or inhibit its expression.
    Quote, p. 3

    в промоторном участке гена IL-1a отсутствуют сайты связывания для дипептида Lys-Glu¸ но существуют последовательности ATTTC, TAAAC, ATTTG, CTTTG и TAAAG, являющиеся сайтами связывания для тетрапептида Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly.

• 2025 The Influence of Short Peptides on Cell Senescence and Neuronal Differentiation · fibroblast-derived induced neurons PDF

  • In the current study, the authors did not observe an increase in TUJ-1 expression following short-peptide (including AEDG/epitalon) application in their neuronal differentiation model.
    Quote, p. 11

    However, in our study, we did not observe an increase in TUJ-1 expression following short-peptide application.

  • In the authors' study, lamin B1 protein levels remained unchanged after short-peptide (AEDG/epitalon) application.
    Quote, p. 11

    However, even in this case, the level of this protein remained unchanged after peptide application.

• 2023 Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters. · computational docking study PDF

  • In a docking study of 26 biologically active ultrashort peptides, epitalon (AEDG) showed an ICM-Score of −23.62 for binding to the LAT2 amino acid transporter (PDB 7CMH).
    Quote, p. 14

    13 AEDG 7CMH −23.62

• 2025 Correction: Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT… · human breast cancer cell lines (21NT, BT474) PDF

  • The corrected study used immunofluorescence to detect PML bodies in 21NT and BT474 cells treated with epitalon for 4 days, with colocalization of PML bodies (green) within the nucleus (blue) indicating ALT presence, detected using a Leica microscope with X100 objective.
    Quote, p. 7

    E Immunofluorescence to detect PML bodies in 21NT and BT474 cells treated with epitalon for 4 days. The colocalization PML bodies (green staining) within the nucleus (blue staining) for 21NT and BT474 treated with epitalon indicated the presence of ALT. PML bodies were detected using Lecia microscope with X 100 objective

• 2020 Лекарственные пептидные препараты: прошлое, настоящее, будущее CyberLeninka

  • DNA melting of free synthetic DNA occurred at +69.5 °C, while in a DNA-Epitalon system the helix melted at +28 °C, with decreased entropy and enthalpy of the process.
    Quote, p. 6

    В эксперименте установлено, что разделение цепей (плавление) свободной синтетической ДНК происходит при температуре +69,5 оC. В системе ДНК с Эпиталоном плавление спирали произошло при +28 оC и характеризовалось снижением показателей энтропии и энтальпии процесса